Zeke Emanuel on Health Reform

Zeke Emanuel provides an excellent piece of public education about the potential for improved quality of care and cost savings in a recent New York Times blog post. The piece will be especially informative for folks who don't understand how fragmented the U.S. care system has become and how fee-for-service reimbursement promotes the fragmentation. Emanuel concludes, correctly, that there's substantial potential for improving care for patients with chronic illness, and that these improvements can achieve savings for the health system.

But I think Emanuel makes two mistakes in the piece. Both come from misinterpreting the psychological underpinnings of health reform.

First, after describing very lucidly how bundled payments provide financial support for coordination among caretakers, he explains that "the idea is to force all of a patient's care providers to work together." But "force" is the wrong verb here, and it reflects a mistake medical managers make all too often.

Collaborating with colleagues actually makes practice more enjoyable as well as more effective. Working together in ways that help our patients is intrinsically satisfying. When those in charge assume we clinicians have to be "forced" to do something, we buck them. When they facilitate what good clinicians want to do, we do it with pleasure. The idea of global payments is to "allow" and "support" collaboration, not to "force" it!

Second, Emanuel correctly notes that improved care coordination can produce much more savings than malpractice reform. But apart from the question of how much savings a reduction in defensive medicine might produce, the climate of litigation has a corrosive impact on the psychology of medical care and the doctor-patient relationship. In ethics discussions with medical students, residents, and practicing physicians, the first question is typically - "what does the law say - what happens if I'm sued?"

The spectre of malpractice litigation creates a sense that patients and society are potential enemies. Health reform requires collaboration between doctors, patients, and the wider public. Malpractice reform is crucial not just for whatever money it might save for the health system, but for the potential that reform will reduce the degree to which physicians feel under attack.

Public Altruism about Health Care is Alive and Well

Four days ago I discussed Medicare beneficiaries who think about Medicare in terms of future generations and the common good, not just in terms of their own care. That post was triggered by my reaction to hearing this aphorism:

The true meaning of life is to plant trees under whose shade you do not expect to sit.

This morning's Boston Globe included an obituary that made the same point. It told about Paul White, who died at 61 of kidney cancer, after eight years of illness. Here's the relevant passage:

In a life curtailed by cancer there was much to curse, but Mr. White was more apt to speak optimistically about how chemotherapy gave him more time with his five granddaughters and how experimental treatments would provide a foundation for patients he would never meet.

"He just felt he was doing his part," his daughter said. "He kept talking about, 'I'm doing this for the next generation.' I can hear him saying that: 'I'm the guinea pig for the next generation.'"

I've been looking to see if any surveys of Medicare beneficiaries suggest what proportion is moved by concerns about the commons. I haven't yet found what I'm looking for, but I'd predict that it's a substantial number.

The Globe also included this letter to the editor:

Five ways to cut spending on Medicare - from a beneficiary

WHEN SPENDING less on Medicare is suggested, it seems that many people, especially Democrats and those over 65, protest loudly. However, there are ways that Medicare could spend significantly less money without denying anyone medical care that is of value. As a Medicare beneficiary myself, I offer five concrete proposals.

1) Make generic drugs the default for covered prescriptions.

2) Let Medicare negotiate with drug companies on the cost of drugs.

3) Let the Medicare Independent Payment Advisory Board identify medical services that provide little or no benefit, and let Medicare refuse to pay for them, or require significant copayments.

4) For surgery or other major interventions for which there are medically reasonable alternatives, do not pay for those interventions unless patients are fully informed about their alternatives, including no intervention at all.

5) Give providers significant protection from malpractice claims if they can document that patients were well informed before a treatment decision was made.

Congress has made if difficult or impossible for Medicare leadership to take any of these reasonable steps to control Medicare costs. Enacting these reforms could significantly cut Medicare costs with no downside for patients or their doctors.

Jack Fowler

Brookline

The writer is senior scientific adviser for the Foundation for Informed Medical Decision Making. His views here are his own.

Voices like Paul White and Jack Fowler can make an important contribution to our national political dialogue. There's no way to deal with the country's long-term economic health without dealing with Medicare. If enough Americans speak as Paul White and Jack Fowler did it will become harder to argue for the politics of selfishness that our anti-tax zealots are so eager to promote.

Mitt Romney on the Veterans Health System

By temperament I'm an optimist, but Republican pronouncements on health care, like Mitt Romney's proposal for privatizing the Veterans Health system, challenge that stance. Paul Krugman has a powerful op ed on this latest piece of Republican disinformation in today's New York Times.

The Veterans' care system was radically reengineered in the 1990s. It now consistently outperforms the private sector on measures of quality and cost. As Krugman points out, that violates Republican theology. When facts and faith collide, something has to give. Romney isn't dumb, so the differential diagnosis is (1) faith in markets that is so strong he'll deny facts or (2) garden variety political duplicity - (i.e., expeditious lying).

(See this piece in yesterday's Daily Kos for details about the VA program and the Republican knee-jerk assault on public programs.)

Do Medicare Beneficiaries Only Think About Themselves?

This week I spoke with a friend about my conviction that U.S. political process needs a voice from Medicare beneficiaries advocating for a progressive and sustainable approach to Medicare. I told him that although I don't have survey data to draw on, I believe that many of us folks in the Medicare generation are worried about the impact of runaway Medicare costs on future generations. We're not all like the belligerent elders in the AARP advertisement who warn politicians - if you want my vote, don't touch my Medicare.

My friend responded with an aphorism I'd never heard before:

The true meaning of life is to plant trees under whose shade you do not expect to sit.

I do a lot of walking in the woods and love trees, so the aphorism moved me.

I went back to Erik Erickson, to review his interpretation of the stages of life. I discovered that I misremembered his schema. I mistakenly thought Erickson named the healthy approach to aging "generativity." Erickson actually posits that as the virtue for adulthood. "Wisdom" is what he ascribes to the successful 65+ folks. It's opposite is despair.

Erickson may have been on target when he formulated his views 50 years ago, but I think he's wrong for the present. "Wisdom" as he conceptualizes it involves reflecting on the meaning of one's life. That sounds passive and somewhat narcissistic. What I see, and experience, in the Medicare set, is much better described as a quest for "generativity." The question many pose for themselves is - what can I contribute to the world at this phase of life?

Current political dialogue offers two choices for Medicare policy - "don't touch Medicare" or "tinker with the mechanics - raise the age of eligibility or replace Medicare with a voucher to buy insurance."

No one is talking about a cooperative enterprise in which Medicare moves to sustainability via patients and clinicians cooperating to create a more caring, less technological, approach within an overall budget that doesn't saddle the next generations with crushing debt.

There's more than enough money in our current expenditure to provide excellent care for beneficiaries. The way I make the point to knowledgeable friends is to ask - imagine what Medicare would be like if it was guided by the best clinicians from a population-oriented program like Kaiser Permanente!

(The aphorism comes from the title of a book Wes Henderson (1928-2003), a third generation Canadian, wrote about his father Nelson. It's the advice Nelson gave Wes when Wes graduated from high school.)

Sister Margaret McBride Speaks Out

Fundamentalist certainty is an understandable, but dangerous, stance in a world that William James famously described as a "one great blooming, buzzing confusion." Believing that our "truths" are true for all, and that disagreement is iniquity, is simpler than dealing with the diverse views of seven billion fellow humans.

Last year Sister Margaret McBride was excommunicated for her role at St. Joseph's Hospital in Phoenix in allowing an abortion to be done to save a pregnant woman's life. In her first public comments since Bishop Olmsted pronounced her excommunication, she told the Arizona Republic (by email):

"My journey over the past year has led me in many directions, but ultimately to a new understanding of forgiveness and mercy...Whether we are talking about my situation, the state of the church or society in general, I believe that forgiveness and mercy are extremely important for each of us...

Our important mission to our community has not changed. This is an extraordinary place with people from every religious background doing the impossible every day. At the heart of St. Joseph's is still our commitment to caring for the poor and ill in our community. Each employee is an inspiration to me every day in carrying out the mission of the Sisters of Mercy," (McBride's religious order, which is active in education, health care and social service worldwide).

According to the article, "sources" report that Sister Margaret has "resolved" her excommunication by going to confession.

Here's my guess about what "resolved" means.

When I did my psychiatry training in Boston, we learned which priests were likely to absolve depressed patients for "sins" like masturbation and which were likely to reinforce what we saw as pathological guilt.

I hope that Sister Margaret has been absolved and recognized as a good Catholic by a wise priest!

(For previous posts on St. Joseph's Hospital and Sister Margaret McBride, see here, here, here, here, and here.)

Union Health Plans and Health System Ethics

On November 1 I blogged about how much I looked forward to meeting the next day with union leaders responsible for overseeing union health plans.

As I'd anticipated, the union leaders evinced a strong sense of solidarity with the insured population and, at the same time, a strong sense of the economic realities of the insurance fund. I presented a diagram I've often used to convey my view of the ethical framework that - ideally - patients, clinicians, purchasers and other stakeholders would use in their dealings with the health system:The idea that we should approach the health system committed to both fidelity to the needs of the individual and stewardship of the resources available for the care of the group was intuitively obvious to the group, as did the metaphor of numerator and denominator that I also like to use::Bringing about a health "system" that is more effective, equitable and efficient in a nation of more than 300 million and a bitterly divided national political process requires won't happen without multiple local initiatives. Oregon, Massachusetts and Vermont show what individual states can do.

The union leaders taught me that union health plans can make important contributions to the national learning curve. Unions are about solidarity on behalf of shared interests. As a population we should be solidly unified on behalf of achieving the best health we're capable of. Sadly, we're not. Union health plans provide a venue in which substantial components of our population are committed to the well-being of each person and, at the same time, to being realistic about how much resource can be devoted to health care. What they learn and demonstrate can help us all.

Can We Afford High Cost Pharmaceuticals?

I'm in New Orleans, to meet tomorrow with a group of union leaders who oversee union health plans. They will have read, or at least - I hope - glanced at "Setting Limits Fairly," the book in which Norman Daniels and I presented the "accountability for reasonableness" framework for curbing unsustainable health care costs.

I'm excited at the prospect of working with union leaders. For them the constituency in the health plans they oversee are fellow union members, not impersonal "covered lives," the unfortunate insurance jargon term for you and me. And they know where the health plan funds come from - their own contributions and, perhaps, contributions from their employers, which could otherwise go into wages.

In advance I proposed four premises for the discussion:

1. Resources are finite.
   


2. There are more potentially valuable things that health care can offer than we can pay for.
   


3. Organizations like unions that provide health insurance will have to learn to work with questions like "how much is life worth?" in a thoughtful and constructive manner.
   


4. High cost pharmacy is a prime area where tough decisions will have to be made.

We'll use two drugs as examples that ultimately require us to acknowledge "how much is life worth?" as a real question. Provenge is a new immunotherapy for minimally symptomatic metastatic prostate cancer not responsive to hormone therapy. It extends median survival for 4.1 months at a cost of $93K. Cerezume is a biologically engineered form of the deficient enzyme in Gaucher's disease. It can produce significant improvements in quality of life for $150K - $250K per year.

In emotional terms, life is priceless. But in economic terms, it isn't.

I'll make the point that avoiding questions about the value of health interventions is a major reason we're in the mess we're in now. We won't solve the cost dilemma until we learn to think in terms of both numerator (my needs and desires) and denominator (the insured population's needs and desires). I'll make the further point that this kind of learning is more emotional than cognitive. And it takes time, so a long term strategy is necessary.

Union health plans, which are likely to have a high degree of solidarity among the insured population, are a promising venue for thinking this way. I hope we'll be able to probe health care costs as "our problem" rather than as something "they" are forcing on us.

I'll write more after I meet with the union leaders.